Nouns and definite articles/plural nouns
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1 Nouns and definite articles/plural nouns In English Words used to name people, places and things are called nouns. Often a noun is introduced by the definite article the. The teacher is intelligent. (teacher is a noun) Cristina listens to the radio. (radio is a noun) The Mexican restaurant is great. (restaurant is a noun) The is used with all nouns: nouns that refer to the masculine gender (like boy), the feminine gender (like actress), and those that have no gender (like radio, restaurant, and most other nouns in English). A Circle the definite articles in the following sentences, and underline the noun each article goes with. 1. The musician plays jazz.. We won the volleyball game. 3. My mom dropped the salad. 4. The birthday party ended late. 5. He ate all the hamburgers. 6. My sister took the football. 7. The CD is scratched. 8. All the animals left the zoo. In Spanish All nouns have a gender: masculine nouns tend to end in o (helado) and feminine nouns tend to end in a (fiesta). To form a plural noun, add an s to a noun ending in a vowel, or add es to a noun ending in a consonant. deporte sport deportes sports animal animal animales animals When you you speak about a noun as a general category, you use definite article, which is equivalent to English the. In Spanish, the has different forms that agree with the noun in gender and number: MASCULINE FEMININE SINGULAR el profesor la profesora PLURAL los profesores las profesoras You can also use the definite article after the verb gustar (Me gusta la pizza. I like pizza.) Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 11
2 NOUNS AND DEFINITE ARTICLES/PLURAL NOUNS B Circle the definite articles in the following sentences, and underline the noun each article goes with. Then check the appropriate column to tell whether the noun is masculine (M) or feminine (F), singular (S) or plural (P). 1. Me gusta el ajedrez.. Te gusta la comida china? 3. Las compañeras de clase son bonitas. 4. Hoy es el cumpleaños de Ana. 5. No me gusta la música pop. 6. Te gustan mucho las verduras? 7. Los libros de aventuras son fenomenales. 8. Me gustan más los deportes. M F S P C Complete the following sentences with the correct definite article. 1. Te gusta la comida italiana?. No, me gustan más frutas. 3. Te gusta más pizza o helado? 4. Me da igual. Me gustan más verduras. 5. Te gustan videojuegos? 6. No, me gusta más ajedrez. 7. Te gustan libros de ciencia ficción? 8. Sí, y también me gustan películas de misterio. D Write three sentences telling what you like or what your friend likes, using me gusta or le gusta. Circle the definite article, then underline the noun and tell whether it is masculine or feminine. 1. Me gusta la pizza. FEMININE E Of these words, which have endings that you can easily tell are masculine or feminine? Which have endings whose gender is less obvious? la pizza las verduras las frutas la música el helado los videojuegos los carros el libro el deporte la clase el ajedrez la vez Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 1
3 Uses of de In English An s (apostrophe s) is added to a singular noun to show possession or relationship to one person. In the plural, an apostrophe alone ( ) is added after the s ending of most plural nouns. Timmy s books are in his backpack. My friend s classes are wonderful. The teachers lounge is empty. The girls basketball team won the championship. A Complete the following sentences with the possessive forms of the nouns in parentheses. 1. Our teacher s office is full of books. (teacher). My anniversary is tomorrow. (parents) 3. The claws are very sharp! (cat) 4. violin lesson ends at seven. (Kathleen) 5. Your party was so much fun! (friends) 6. That man over there is uncle. (James) 7. Dora saw all the basketball games. (women) 8. My room is very messy. (sister) In Spanish The word de is used to show possession or relationship. Use de with singular and plural nouns. Es la casa de mis amigos. Es el profesor de mi mejor amiga. It s my friends house. He is my best friend s teacher. You can also use de to indicate the kind of thing you re describing. los libros de amor romance books las películas de ciencia ficción science fiction movies You use de to say where someone is from. Viviana es de Colombia. Viviana is from Colombia. When de is followed by the article el,both words combine to form the contraction del. Hoy es el cumpleaños del profesor. (de + el profesor) B Complete the following sentences with the possessive forms of the nouns in parentheses. 1. Los libros son de Marina. (Marina) Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 13
4 USES OF DE. Son los videojuegos. (mi mejor amigo) 3. Hoy es la fiesta. (los estudiantes) 4. Es el carro. (el señor Rueda). 5. Cuál es el correo electrónico? (la profesora) 6. Es la pizza. (el muchacho) 7. Ricardo es amigo. (los animales) C Answer the questions using the preposition de to say what kind of for each noun. 1. Qué libros te gustan? (libros / amor) Me gustan los libros de amor.. Te gustan mucho los libros? (libros / aventuras) 3. Te gustan las películas? (películas / misterio) 4. Quién es el señor Rodríguez? (profesor / ciencias) 5. Te gustan los videojuegos? (videojuegos / ciencia ficción) 6. Qué música te gusta? (música / fiestas) D Translate the following phrases into English. a. el libro de aventuras b. el libro de mi amigo c. la muchacha de Puerto Rico E. In Activity D, how did you translate de in each case? What does this difference tell us about the different uses of de? Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 14
5 ANSWER KEY Punctuation and written accents A1.Where are you from?. See you tomorrow! 3. That s a great idea! 4. What s your name? 5. Nice to meet you! 6. How s it going? 7. What time is it? 8. Goodbye! B1. De dónde eres?. Hasta mañana! 3. Qué gran idea! 4. Cómo te llamas? 5. Encantada! 6. Qué tal? 7. Qué hora es? 8. Adiós! C Accent marks 6 Tildes 1 D Dialogue. Answers will vary. Gender and adjective agreement A1.Dorothy is dark-haired. (S). We are intelligent. (P) 3. My best friend is lazy. (S) 4. The boys are shy. (P) 5. Dwayne is handsome. (S) 6. The math books are boring. (P) 7. My classmates are athletic. (P) 8. I am friendly and outgoing. (S) B1.Rafael es moreno. (S, M). Nosotras somos inteligentes. (P, F) 3. Mi mejor amiga es muy guapa. (S, F) 4. Arturo y Julio son bajos. (P, M) 5. Los profesores son divertidos. (P, M) 6. Rosario es seria. (S, F) 7. Emilia y Fátima son perezosas. (P, F) 8. Mis compañeros de clase son simpáticos. (P, M) C1.Teresa es (pelirroja/pelirrojas).. Los estudiantes son (trabajador/ trabajadores). 3. Nosotras somos (bonitos/ bonitas). 4. Mi mejor amigo es (tímido/tímidos). 5. Mi profesora de ciencias es (simpático/ simpática). 6. Ustedes son muy (inteligentes/inteligente). 7. La señora Hurtado es (aburrida/aburridos). 8. Elisa y Gabriel son (románticos/románticas). Da.My friends are lazy. b. Mis amigas son perezosas. c. English changes the noun friend to friends, and the verb from is to are, but there is no change in the possessive my or in the adjective lazy.none of the changes show that the friends are female. In Spanish all words change. All show agreement in the plural, including the verb, (es to son), the possessive (mi to mis) and the adjective: (perezoso to perezosas). Both the noun and the adjective show a change from masculine to feminine as well: amigo perezoso to amigas perezosas.adjective agreement in Spanish must then always match the noun in gender and in number. Question formation A1.(Where/Who) do you live?. (What/When) is your favorite color? 3. (Why /How) are you doing? 4. (When/Who) is your birthday? 5. (What/Where) restaurant did you eat at? 6. (Who/What) is your teacher s name? 7. (How many/where) dogs do you have? B 1. (Cuántos/Cómo) años tienes?. (Cómo/Cuándo) está usted? 3. (Cuántos/Cuándo) es el cumpleaños de Luz María? 4. (Qué/Cómo) te llamas? 5. (Quién/Cuándo) es la profesora de español? 6. (Qué/Cuál) es tu teléfono? 7. (Cuándo/De dónde) es Miguel de Cervantes? 8. (Cuántos/Cómo) es la compañera de clase? Es divertida? C1. Cuántos años tiene Daniel?. Cómo estás? 3. Cómo es la profesora? 4. De dónde eres? 5. Quién es el profesor? 6. Qué hora es? 7. Qué día es hoy? D1.Is Juan from Spain?. The verb is must come before the subject. 3. Only through the difference in intonation. Nouns and definite articles/ plural nouns A1.The musician plays jazz.. We won the volleyball game. 3. My mom dropped the salad. 4. The birthday party ended late. 5. He ate all the hamburgers. 6. My sister took the football. 7. The CD is scratched. 8. All the animals left the zoo. B1.Me gusta el ajedrez.(m, S). Te gusta la comida china? (F, S) 3. Las compañeras de clase son bonitas. (F, P) 4. Hoy es el cumpleaños de Ana. (M, S) Holt Spanish Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 169
6 ANSWER KEY 5. No me gusta la música pop. (F, S) 6. Te gustan mucho las verduras? (F, P) 7. Los libros de aventuras son fenomenales. (M, P) 8. Me gustan más los deportes. (M, P) C1. Te gusta la comida italiana?. No, me gustan más las frutas. 3. Te gusta más la pizza o el helado? 4. Me da igual. Me gustan más las verduras. 5. Te gustan los videojuegos? 6. No, me gusta más el ajedrez. 7. Te gustan los libros de ciencia ficción? 8. Sí, y también me gustan las películas de misterio. D Answers will vary. E Nouns that end in -a are usually feminine. Nouns that end in -o are usually masculine. Nouns that end in -e or a consonant such as -z can be feminine or masculine. Uses of de A1.Our teacher s office is full of books.. My parents anniversary is tomorrow. 3. The cat s claws are very sharp! 4. Kathleen s violin lesson ends at seven. 5. Your friends party was so much fun! 6. That man over there is James s uncle. 7. Dora saw all the women s basketball games. 8. My sister s room is very messy. B1.Los libros son de Marina.(Marina).. Son los videojuegos de mi mejor amigo. 3. Hoy es la fiesta de los estudiantes. 4. Es el carro del señor Rueda. 5. Cuál es el correo electrónico de la profesora? 6. Es la pizza del muchacho. 7. Ricardo es amigo de los animales. C1.Me gustan los libros de amor.. Sí, me gustan los libros de aventuras. 3. Sí, me gustan las películas de misterio. 4. El señor Rodríguez es el profesor de ciencias. 5. Me gustan los videojuegos de ciencia ficción. 6. Me gusta la música de fiestas. Da.the adventure book. b. my friend s book. c. the girl from Puerto Rico E In (a), de followed by a noun tells what kind of book, so there is no preposition in English. In this case, adventure tells what kind of book it is. In (b), the noun friend was placed before the other noun, and s was added. This shows possession. In (c) the preposition from was used, and the noun remained after the first noun. This indicates origin. 3 Gustar with infinitives A1.Brad likes to surf the Web. (infinitive). I like riding my bike. (-ing form) 3. We like eating at the Cuban restaurant. (-ing form) 4. My friends like to ski. (infinitive) 5. Do you like to play the guitar? (infinitive) 6. Albert likes fishing. (-ing form) 7. My best friend likes to run in the park. (infinitive) 8. Margarita likes reading novels. (-ing form) B1.A Benito le gusta navegar por Internet. (-ar). A Teresita le gusta montar en bicicleta. (-ar) 3. Les gusta comer en el restaurante chino. (-er) 4. A mis amigos les gusta leer novelas. (-er) 5. Te gusta tocar el piano. (-ar) 6. Me gusta salir con mis amigos. (-ir) 7. A Asun le gusta correr por el parque. (-er) 8. No nos gusta ir de compras. (-ir) C Answers may vary. 1. Me gusta leer libros. / Me gusta ver televisión.. A mis amigos les gusta dibujar. / A mis amigos les gusta escuchar música. 3. A mi mejor amigo le gusta bailar./ A mi mejor amigo le gusta cantar. 4. A mis amigos les gusta hacer ejercicio./ A mis amigos les gusta hacer la tarea. 5. Me gusta pasear por las tardes. 6. No me gusta estudiar por las tardes. Da.Me gustan las revistas. b. Me gusta leer revistas. c. In (a) the verb is plural gustan, in order to agree with the noun revistas.in (b), the verb is singular gusta,because the infinitive requires singular agreement, even if the object of the infinitive (revistas) is plural. Pronouns after prepositions A1.I sent a message to you.. She asked me to give it to her. 3. They see no problem with it. 4. They don t have time for him. 5. He s heard a lot about us. 6. She knows them very well. 7. We saw you talking to her. 8. Do they think it works for them? B1.Yo soy Adela, y a mí me gusta patinar.. Nos gusta mucho salir contigo. 3. A ustedes les gusta hacer la tarea conmigo, no? 4. Y a Josefina? Qué le gusta hacer a ella? 5. Y a Agustín? Cuál es el teléfono de él? 6. Tú eres atlético; a ti te gusta correr. 7. A nosotros no nos gusta nadar. 8. Cúando es el cumpleaños de ellos? Holt Spanish Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 170
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